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<p>The <b>Bank of Java</b> (<a href="Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>: <i lang="nl">De Javasche Bank N.V.</i>, abbreviated as <b>DJB</b>) was a note-issuing bank in the <a href="Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a>, founded in 1828, and nationalized in 1951 by the government of <a href="Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> to become the newly independent country’s <a href="Central_bank" title="Central bank">central bank</a>, later renamed <a href="Bank_Indonesia" title="Bank Indonesia">Bank Indonesia</a>. For more than a century, the Bank of Java was the central institution of the Dutch East Indies’ financial system, alongside the “big three” commercial banks (the <a href="Netherlands_Trading_Society" title="Netherlands Trading Society">Netherlands Trading Society</a>, the <a href="Nederlandsch-Indische_Handelsbank" title="Nederlandsch-Indische Handelsbank">Nederlandsch-Indische Handelsbank</a>, and the <a href="Nederlandsch-Indische_Escompto_Maatschappij" title="Nederlandsch-Indische Escompto Maatschappij">Nederlandsch-Indische Escompto Maatschappij</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Shibata_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shibata-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 703">: 703 </span></sup> It was both a note-issuing bank and a commercial bank.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2></div>

<p>The first bank founded in the Indonesian archipelago was the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Bank van Courant</i></span>, established in 1746, to support trading activity. In 1752, it was renamed <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">De Bank van Courant en Bank Van Leening</i></span> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">Bank of current [accounts] and loans</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>), and was given a mandate to extend loans to employees of the <a href="Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a>. In 1818, that institution closed as a consequence of financial crisis.<sup id="cite_ref-BIH_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BIH-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dutch_colonial_period">Dutch colonial period</h2></div>

<p><a href="King_William_I_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="King William I of the Netherlands">King William I of the Netherlands</a> granted the right to create a private bank in the Indies in 1826, which was named <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">De Javasche Bank</i></span>. It was founded on 24 January 1828, and later became the bank of issue of the <a href="Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a>, issuing and regulating the <a href="Netherlands_Indies_gulden" class="mw-redirect" title="Netherlands Indies gulden">Netherlands Indies gulden</a>.

</p><p>In 1829, it opened branch offices in <a href="Semarang" title="Semarang">Semarang</a> and <a href="Surabaya" title="Surabaya">Surabaya</a>. Later branch offices opened in <a href="Padang" title="Padang">Padang</a> (1864), <a href="Makassar" title="Makassar">Makassar</a> (1864), <a href="Cirebon" title="Cirebon">Cirebon</a> (1866), <a href="Surakarta" title="Surakarta">Solo</a> (1867), <a href="Pasuruan" title="Pasuruan">Pasuruan</a> (1867), <a href="Yogyakarta" title="Yogyakarta">Yogyakarta</a> (1879), <a href="Pontianak" title="Pontianak">Pontianak</a> (1906), <a href="Bengkalis" title="Bengkalis">Bengkalis</a> (1907), <a href="Medan" title="Medan">Medan</a> (1907), <a href="Banjarmasin" title="Banjarmasin">Banjarmasin</a> (1907), <a href="Tanjungbalai_(city)" title="Tanjungbalai (city)">Tanjungbalai</a> (1908), <a href="Tanjungpura" title="Tanjungpura">Tanjungpura</a> (1908), <a href="Bandung" title="Bandung">Bandung</a> (1909), <a href="Palembang" title="Palembang">Palembang</a> (1909), <a href="Manado" title="Manado">Manado</a> (1910), <a href="Malang" title="Malang">Malang</a> (1916), <a href="Banda_Aceh" title="Banda Aceh">Kutaraja / Banda Aceh</a> (1918), <a href="Kediri_(city)" title="Kediri (city)">Kediri</a> (1923), <a href="Pematang_Siantar" class="mw-redirect" title="Pematang Siantar">Pematang Siantar</a> (1923), and <a href="Madiun" title="Madiun">Madiun</a> (1928).<sup id="cite_ref-BIH_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BIH-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Until 1891, the DJB was represented in the mainland Netherlands by the <a href="Netherlands_Trading_Society" title="Netherlands Trading Society">Netherlands Trading Society</a>. That year, it opened an office in <a href="Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>, which in 1922 was converted into a subsidiary known as <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Bijbank Javasche Bank</i></span> or <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Javasche Bank Nederland</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-AGH_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AGH-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some time later, DJB opened an office in <a href="New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Teeuwen_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Teeuwen-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Under the <a href="Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies</a> during <a href="World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the occupation authorities closed the Bank of Java and all other Dutch and Western banks in March 1942, and endeavored to seize as much as possible of their assets.<sup id="cite_ref-Shibata_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shibata-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 706">: 706 </span></sup> They replaced it with an <i>ad hoc</i> central bank for occupied Indonesia, named Nanpo Kaihatsu Ginko (<a href="Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>: <span lang="ja">南方開発金庫</span>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">Southern Development Bank</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>). The Bank of Java could only reopen after the <a href="Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">surrender of Japan</a> in the late summer of 1945.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nationalization_and_aftermath">Nationalization and aftermath</h2></div>

<p>The Bank of Java was nationalized by the <a href="Sukarno" title="Sukarno">Sukarno</a> government in 1951, and renamed <a href="Bank_Indonesia" title="Bank Indonesia">Bank Indonesia</a> on 1 July 1953. By that time, Europeans still represented four-fifths of the Bank's employees.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In 1962, Bank Indonesia moved to a new head office building. Its former main building on Station Square in <a href="Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a> was left to deteriorate. It was renovated in the 2000s, and repurposed as <a href="Bank_Indonesia_Museum" title="Bank Indonesia Museum">Bank Indonesia Museum</a>, which opened on 21 July 2009.

</p><p>In 1966, the bank's affiliate in Amsterdam became the Indonesian Overseas Bank, later renamed the <a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesische_Overzeese_Bank" class="extiw external" title="nl:Indonesische Overzeese Bank">Indover Bank</a>. It was eventually liquidated in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-AGH_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AGH-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Leadership">Leadership</h2></div>

<p>Presidents of the Bank of Java have included:

</p>

<li>C.J. Smulders (1838–1851)</li>

<li>Emanuel Francis (1851–1863)</li>

<li>Carel Wiggers van Kerchem (1863–1868)</li>

<li>J.W.C. Diepenheim (1868–1870)</li>

<li>Fokko Alting Mees (1870–1873)</li>

<li>Norbertus van den Berg (1873–1889)</li>

<li>Sako Zeverijn (1889–1893)</li>

<li>D. Groeneveld (1893–1898)</li>

<li>J. Reijsenbach (1899–1906)</li>

<li><a href="Gerard_Vissering" title="Gerard Vissering">Gerard Vissering</a> (1906–1912)</li>

<li>Ede Zeilinga (1912–1924)</li>

<li>Leonardus Trip (1924–1929)</li>

<li>Gerard van Buttingha Wichers (1929–1945)</li>

<li>J.C. van Waveren (1946)</li>

<li>R.E. Smits (1946–1949)</li>

<li>Andre Houwink (1949–1951)</li>

<li><a href="Sjafruddin_Prawiranegara" title="Sjafruddin Prawiranegara">Sjafruddin Prawiranegara</a> (1951–1953)</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Buildings">Buildings</h2></div>

<p>The main building of the Bank of Java in <a href="Batavia%2C_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Batavia, Dutch East Indies">Batavia</a> was erected in 1909, on a design by <a href="Eduard_Cuypers" title="Eduard Cuypers">Eduard Cuypers</a> and Marius Jan Hulswit, on the location of the former city hospital. The building was comprehensively remodeled in 1926, was a new façade on Station Square.<sup id="cite_ref-Teeuwen_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Teeuwen-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The head offices of the three large banks were built on adjacent lots in the 1920s and 1930s, namely the <a href="Nederlandsch-Indische_Escompto_Maatschappij" title="Nederlandsch-Indische Escompto Maatschappij">Nederlandsch-Indische Escompto Maatschappij</a> to the north, the <a href="Netherlands_Trading_Society" title="Netherlands Trading Society">Netherlands Trading Society</a> to the south, and the <a href="Nederlandsch-Indische_Handelsbank" title="Nederlandsch-Indische Handelsbank">Nederlandsch-Indische Handelsbank</a> to the northeast.

</p><p>The Amsterdam office was opened in 1891, at 60 Reguliersdwarsstraat, in a suite of offices hosted by the Hollandsche Hypotheekbank. It moved to <a href="Keizersgracht" title="Keizersgracht">Keizersgracht</a> 668 in April 1892. In 1920, DJB expanded to the nearby building at Keizersgracht 664, and in 1937–1939, the bank erected a new office building on numbers 664-666, designed in 1936 by the architecture firm of Christiaan Posthumus Meyjes jr. and Jakob van der Linden. The successor entity, Indover Bank, remained there until 1992, when it moved to Stadhouderskade.<sup id="cite_ref-AGH_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AGH-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="gallerytext">Head office in <a href="Batavia%2C_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Batavia, Dutch East Indies">Batavia</a>, before remodeling in 1926</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Interior hall (2016)</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Inner court (2018)</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Stained glass window (2018)</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Keizersgracht 666-668, former office of the Bank of Java in <a href="Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a> </div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Branch office in <a href="Bandung" title="Bandung">Bandung</a>, built in 1918; now a museum</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Branch office in <a href="Medan" title="Medan">Medan</a></div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">The same building, now Town Hall and Bank Indonesia branch </div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Branch office in <a href="Surakarta" title="Surakarta">Surakarta</a></div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Branch office in <a href="Yogyakarta" title="Yogyakarta">Yogyakarta</a></div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Branch office in <a href="Padang" title="Padang">Padang</a></div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Branch office in <a href="Palembang" title="Palembang">Palembang</a> (1950s)</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Branch office in <a href="Surabaya" title="Surabaya">Surabaya</a></div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Branch office in <a href="Malang" title="Malang">Malang</a></div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Branch office in <a href="Banda_Aceh" title="Banda Aceh">Banda Aceh</a></div>

</li>

</ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Banknotes">Banknotes</h2></div>

<div class="gallerytext">25 Guilders, 1920</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">10 Guilders, 1934</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">5 Guilders, 1935</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">5 Guilders, 1937</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">50 Guilders, 1938</div>

</li>

</ul>

<ul><li><a href="Banque_de_l'Alg%C3%A9rie" title="Banque de l'Algérie">Banque de l'Algérie</a></li>

<li><a href="Ottoman_Bank" title="Ottoman Bank">Ottoman Bank</a></li>

<li><a href="Bank_of_Indochina" class="mw-redirect" title="Bank of Indochina">Bank of Indochina</a></li>

<li><a href="Netherlands_Indies_gulden" class="mw-redirect" title="Netherlands Indies gulden">Netherlands Indies gulden</a></li>

<li><a href="Japanese_government-issued_currency_in_the_Dutch_East_Indies" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese government-issued currency in the Dutch East Indies">Japanese government-issued currency in the Dutch East Indies</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_the_Indonesian_rupiah" title="History of the Indonesian rupiah">History of the Indonesian rupiah</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFShibata_Yoshimasa1996" class="citation cs2">Shibata Yoshimasa (1996), "The monetary policy in the Netherlands East Indies under the Japanese administration", <i>Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde</i>, <b>152</b> (4), Brill: <span class="nowrap">699–</span>724, <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F22134379-90003959">10.1163/22134379-90003959</a></span>, <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27864801">27864801</a></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-BIH-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BIH_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BIH_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bi.go.id/en/tentang-bi/sejarah-bi/default.aspx">"History of Bank Indonesia"</a>. <i>Bank Indonesia</i>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-AGH-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AGH_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AGH_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AGH_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://amsterdamsegrachtenhuizen.info/bedrijf/bedr-ijk/indover/">"Indover Bank"</a>. <i>Amsterdams Grachten Huizen</i>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Teeuwen-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Teeuwen_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Teeuwen_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDirk_Teeuwen" class="citation web cs1">Dirk Teeuwen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indonesia-dutchcolonialheritage.nl/jakhistoricalsites/Hosp.pdf">"Javasche Bank, the Old Dutch City Hospital of Batavia-Jakarta and the Mandiri Bank Museum"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Indonesia, Dutch Colonial Heritage</i>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFJ._Thomas_Lindblad2004" class="citation cs2">J. Thomas Lindblad (2004), "Van Javasche Bank naar Bank Indonesia : Voorbeeld uit de praktijk van indonesianisasi", <i>TSEG: The Low Countries Journal of Social and Economic History</i>, <b>1</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">28–</span>46, <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18352%2Ftseg.791">10.18352/tseg.791</a></span></cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5223628#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1004" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5223628#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1004" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000120339173">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/130154398">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50059417">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Javasche Bank"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko2011638292&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/group/c1eccdf7-1f50-49da-b529-4593fcf0222c">Yale LUX</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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